Warning

This project is being split into 3 separate projects:

  • friendly_traceback,

  • friendly, and

  • friendly_idle.

The documentation does not reflect this change.

If you are a end-user, just install friendly until further notice.

Notes on translations - using gettext

Important

There are many sites that explain how to use gettext. However, I found that, no matter what individual explanation I read, it was either incomplete, too specific, or otherwise glossing over some minor point that was important for my project.

I wrote these notes mostly for myself, but they may be useful for you as well, perhaps even more so if you read a “standard” tutorial on using gettext first.

What is gettext?

gettext is basically a standardized way of internationalization (i18n) and localization (l10n) of computer programs.

What this means for this project, is the translation of strings shown to the user in their preferred language.

Structure of this project

Below, I make references to various files. Here’s a simplified view of the directory structure of this project, showing only a few relevant files:

friendly/
    demos/
    friendly/
        locales/
            fr/
                LC_MESSAGES/
                    friendly.mo
                    friendly.po
            friendly.pot
        __init__.py
        ...
        make_pot.bat  <-- not in repository
        my_gettext.py
        ...
    tests/
    setup.py

If you look at the repository on Github (or cloned locally), you will not see the file make_pot.bat. I’ll explain its role below.

How to use gettext

Suppose we want to greet a user in their own language. For example, in English we might have the following:

print("Hello {name}".format(name=username))

while in French, we might have:

print("Bonjour {name}".format(name=username))

The first thing to do would normally be to choose one of these forms as our standard to be used as the reference for translation. This is what I eventually chose to do for this project. However, in the past, I have often used a variation where words are written in the source file in uppercase letter to make it more obvious to see if a translation is missing.

To indicate that a string needs to be translated, the common way is to surround it by a function call, using _ as the function name:

print(  _( "Hello {name}" )  .format(name=username)  )

# extra spaces above added for clarity

Next, we need to create a “template” file for translations. I use pygettext.py included as a tool with Python. It is very likely not on the normal path where it can be found by Python. If you don’t know where your python files are located, you can use Python’s REPL and do the following:

>>> import sys
>>> print(sys.prefix)
path\to\python

You can then navigate to the directory containing the Python version you are using and will almost certainly find pygettext.py under the tools\i18n subdirectory.

pygettext will extract all the strings surronded by _( ) in the input file you specify and create a “template” file (identified by a .pot extension). To make my life easier, I simply type make_pot at the prompt which executes the content of make_pot.bat (I’m using Windows):

py -3.7 path\to\python\tools\i18n\pygettext.py -p locales -d friendly *.py

  • make_pot.bat is located in the same directory where the Python source files containing strings to be translated is located.

  • I use python filename.py instead of simply filename.py as I set my computer default to open .py files with my preferred editor instead of executing them. If you are not using Windows, you might need to use python3 instead of python.

  • The -p locales option specifies that the template file is going to be created (or updated) in the locales/ directory (see above for the directory structure).

  • Using the -d flag, I specified friendly as the name for the template file, friendly.pot, instead of the default messages.pot.

  • The source files scanned by pygettext (*.py) will be all the Python files in that directory.

There’s more to be done; let’s break this up into a few additional sections.

Using Poedit

In principle, template files can be edited with any standard text editor to create “portable object” (.po) files from a template file. However, this is more easily done using Poedit which is a free program especially designed for this task. There is a paid “pro” version but it is really not required for most tasks. However, after a while, I have purchased it and found its suggested translations usually very useful, at least as a starting point.

With Poedit, you have the choice of creating a new translation either from a .pot file, or from a .po file. Open the relevant file, choose a language, and start translating the various strings.

If you are updating an existing translation, open the .po file and use Poedit’s “Catalog” menu (fourth at the top of the menu bar) to first update from the source (messages.pot) from which the .po file is derived.

Poedit gives the choice to translate for specific regions (e.g. fr_CA for French used in Canada). For this project, I prefer to choose a generic two-letter code (fr) as it is assumed to be the case in various places.

Warning

If, for a given language, you absolutely need different language translations, specific to a region, please file an issue first so that this can be discussed and the impact on the rest of the code can be properly evaluated.

One of the goals of this project is to provide easier to understand tracebacks than those provided by Python. These do not need to be absolutely perfect. For example, we follow Blockly’s practice in not supporting plural formatting

When it comes time to save the .po file, use a similar structure as that shown above and save it in the LC_MESSAGES directory of the appropriate language. Note that Poedit will automatically save another file with a .mo extension; this is a “machine object” (binary) file that will actually be used by your program.

In addition to strings to be translated, .po files contain some information about who translated the file and some copyright information. In general, you might want to fill in the appropriate information. Note that Poedit allows you to set your personal information (name and email address) which will be automatically used, so that you don’t have to edit the created file by hand.

Warning

Please, do not contribute translations to friendly where you attribute the copyright to yourself. Either do not include any copyright information or attribute it to the friendly project.

Telling Python to use the translations

In this project, the language selection is done in the file session.py. (See directory structure above.) At the top of session.py, my_gettext is imported. As I am writing this documentation, this is the content of my_gettext.py:

import gettext
import os

class LangState:
    def __init__(self):
        self.translate = None
        self.lang = "en"

    def install(self, lang=None):
        """Sets the language to be used for translations"""
        if lang is None:
            lang = "en"
        try:
            # We first look for the exact language requested.
            _lang = gettext.translation(
                "friendly",
                localedir=os.path.normpath(  # 1
                    os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "locales")
                ),
                languages=[lang],
                fallback=False,  # 2
            )
        except FileNotFoundError:
            # If it is not available, we make it possible to replace a
            # language specific to a region, as in fr_CA, by a more
            # generic version, such as fr, defined by a two-letter code.
            lang = lang[:2]  # 3
            _lang = gettext.translation(
                "friendly",
                localedir=os.path.normpath(
                    os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "locales")
                ),
                languages=[lang],
                fallback=True,  # 4 This means that the hard-coded strings in
                # the source file will be used if the requested language
                # is not available.
            )
        self.lang = lang
        self.translate = _lang.gettext


current_lang = LangState()  # 3

Here is an explanation for the numbered comments above:

  1. “Foolproof” way of locating the translation directory

  2. By default, fallback is False; for clarity, we explicitly set it. If a request is made to use a non-existing translation, an exception is raised.

  3. This is the instance we use elsewhere; see below.

When we want to make use of translations inside a given function, we do the following:

from . import my_gettext

def international_greeting(name):
    _ = current_lang.translate
    return _("Hello {name}").format(name=name)

Warning

Every language has its own way to deal (or not) with plural forms of words. As mentioned, in principle, gettext offers a way to handle with the language specific complexities. In practice for this project, we assume a single form to be used.

Why are .mo files in the repository

When configuring the project, the automatically generated .gitignore file include exclusion for .pot and .mo files. The rationale is that these files are automatically generated (by some standard programs) and it is generally suggested that such files not be included.

However, in this case, we want these files to be available to end users. If someone clones the project, and needs to upload a version somewhere (e.g. pypi.org), these generated files (at least the .mo files) need to be included.

Packaging

This is more of a “note to self” than something needed for this project. Since .po and .mo are data files are not python files, they are not automatically added when creating a package with setuptools. One way to include them is to write the following in a file named manifest.in written where setup.py is found:

recursive-include friendly/locales *.*

Also (instead?), if using a setup.cfg file, include the following:

[options.package_data]
* =
    friendly/locales/*